First Millennium, pages 22-35

Summary: The Vikings had a complex system of penalties and punishments ranging from fines, banishment, to amputations and execution. Druids were secretive religious and scholarly class of the Europeans Celts. They created a wicker man and crammed criminals and sacrifices inside. Sacrifices were done by stabbing the victims in the back with a sword. In ancient China there were many forms of punishments, some of which included whipping the backside with a whip or a bamboo cane, kneeling on chains, and being chained but the neck. The Anglo Saxons' executions were being buried alive, and suffocation together known as 'face down burials'. Bog bodies were bodies thrown in a boggy or watery area that was marked out in a special way. After the the victims had been horrifically killed they were left to rot in bodies of water. At the end of the millennium barbaric tortures continued. People were still being buried alive, abut some others were burning up to their necks, this was known as 'sacrificed for the sun'; they were left to burn in the hot sun. During sacrifices severed limbs were eaten and cannibalism became widespread.

Quote: "The use of execution in religious rituals is older than any written history"(Kellaway 22).

Reflection: Some methods of execution have been common through out early civilization to the first millennium; but some newer harsher punishments have been created.

Early Civilization, pages 6-21

Summary:The progress of mankind has been shown through the history of torture and execution. History shows that leaders during tan age of despots and fanatics. During the early civilization deaths seems reasonable and well deserved. Roman and Greek prosecutors were delighted by their cruel methods of execution an. Ancient Egypt's execution consisted pf burial chambers, sacrifices, hangings, beheading, and strangulation. In deaths it was considered vital for the ba to unite with the deceased ka, or spiritual partner, so burning was not an option. The Greeks used the brazen bull, created by a man named Perilaus. The victim was forced to climb into the life size wooden, hallow bull while a fire was lit under the bull's stomach. Another torture device was a wooden effigy of Agepa, this caused the victim to die from strangulation. Romans tortured Christians mainly by mauling them with wild animals. In Biblical times death by stoning was a standard form of punishment in the Mosaic code. Crucifixion was a common form f punishment between the the sixth century B.C. and the fourth century A.D., Romans used torture methods to obtain the truth, they also sawed men in half and stretched limbs.

Quote: "The classical civilizations of Greece and Rome, together with the religious legacies of the Holy land, have shaped much of western society"(Kellaway 6).

Reflection: The methods of torture and execution were very harsh, and painful. This book is hard to read, knowing that these cruel methods were actually used.